Guides
Trade instruments, explained
The documents, bank instruments and Incoterms that every physical commodity transaction runs on, written for buyers, producers and their teams. Each guide ends with the questions we are asked most.
The documents, bank instruments and Incoterms that every physical commodity transaction runs on, written for buyers, producers and their teams. Each guide ends with the questions we are asked most.
How a Standby Letter of Credit works in physical commodity deals: parties, MT760, ISP98/UCP 600 rules, costs, the procedure step by step and the red flags to avoid.
Banking instrumentsHow a Documentary Letter of Credit pays for a commodity shipment: parties, UCP 600, sight vs usance, confirmed vs unconfirmed, documents and discrepancies.
Deal documentsICPO meaning in commodity trading: what an Irrevocable Corporate Purchase Order contains, where it fits between SCO, FCO and contract, and the red flags.
Deal documentsSoft Corporate Offer vs Full Corporate Offer in commodity trading: what each contains, the SCO to ICPO to FCO to contract sequence, and how to read an offer.
IncotermsFOB and CIF for commodity buyers and sellers: where risk transfers, who pays freight and insurance, and which term fits tankers, bulk and containers.
Quality and quantityWhat an SGS or equivalent inspection covers in a commodity deal: quantity, quality, certificates in the LC, who pays, how to verify a certificate, and the dip-test myth.
Due diligenceTen checks before buying from Brazil: CNPJ, export registration, SIF, destination-market approval, halal and GACC, price vs benchmark, banks, inspection, red flags.
Brazilian proteinsBuyer's guide to Brazilian halal frozen chicken: approved SIF plants, halal certifiers, whole birds, cuts and paws, glaze, documents, Incoterms and pricing.
These guides describe common market practice under ICC rules (UCP 600, ISP98, URDG 758, Incoterms 2020). They are general information, not legal or banking advice; the terms of your contract and credit always govern.